This was a sentence I came across while doing Turkish practice on Duolingo:
Eğer on dokuz yaşındayken seyahat etmeyi seçseydik birçok dili konuşuyor olurduk.
When I checked the comments on the form there wasn't an explanation regarding "konusuyor olurduk" instead there was a comment saying this is a bit too advanced and that we can just use "konusurduk" instead. I decided that to satisfy my inner curiosity by asking here regarding this new grammar structure.
When do we form this structure of verb + conjugated olmak, what is its meaning, and when can we use it (is it always interchangeable with the suffix in kouns-urdu)?
Please forgive me as I am on my laptop and don't have the Turkish accents on here :(
Any help would be greatly appreciated!!! :)

According to the FSI, Arabic is one of the few "category V" hardest languages for English speakers to learn (along with Chinese, Japanese, and Korean). That means it takes at least twice as long to learn Arabic as other category languages. My question is, why?
I've seen other posts on the subject, but all the explanations also apply to other languages that are ranked as easier. For instance, supposedly Arabic is hard because it doesn't have written vowels and it uses a root system — but that's are true of Hebrew, which is only ranked as average difficulty. Arabic conjugates verbs a lot, but that's true of plenty of languages, like Spanish and Russian. Arabic doesn't have much overlapping vocab with English, but that's true of Urdu, Mongolian, etc. Arabic has some sounds that don't exist in English, but so does French, Hindi, etc.
The only explanation I've heard that I couldn't immediately think of a counterexample to was that there are so many different dialects of Arabic that native Arabic speakers can't even understand each other. But that seems like a cop-out since learning, say, Moroccan Arabic wouldn't be particularly hard. And I kind of doubt the FSI requires learners to master every dialect before being considered competent in a language.
So my question is: What is uniquely hard about Arabic that doesn't apply to other languages?

Greetings,
Do people understand some Arabic or Persian words in Urdu right away even if they never encountered before? In India, I think most people understand various Sanskrit based vocabulary right away, even if they are from South(dravidian language). I am Bengali so sanskrit vocabulary is colloquial and almost the whole language.
There are entry queues like pra-(pro- in Eng), du-(de- in Eng), su-. Then most words are compound/conjugate words similar to Deutsch and can be dissected.
But in Hindi/Urdu, there are a lot of words which sound alien to me because they are either Persian, Turkic or Arabic. Like, qatil, hakeekat,haq, waqt, dikkat, janab etc. Like sure you can tell me the meaning but I can't dissect it, and I have to mug up the meanings.
So are you all able to dissect these words? If yes, what can I do to be able to do the same? I cant read Nakh/Nastaliq btw but I can start(separate task altogether).
Edit: Do Pakistanis have the same problem with Sanskrit vocabulary? Like Nusrat Fateh Khan's Afreen has words like suraj, ajanta ki moorat etc.

Serbian (Serbian Cyrillic: српски, Latin: srpski, pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː]) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language used chiefly by Serbs in Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, it is a recognized minority language in Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Albania and Greece.

Linguistics

Serbian is an Slavic language and, as such, is closely related to Croatian/Bosnian/Montenegrin (and is often considered the same language), as well as Russian and Slovenian. It is more distantly related to English, Hindi and Ancient Hittite.
Classification
Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavic > South Slavic > Western > Serbo-Croatian > Serbiana
Morphophonemics
Serbian has five vowel phonemes, /a, e, i, o, u/, which are also distinguished on length, giving a total of 10 phonemic vowel contrasts. The consonant system of Serbo-Croatian has 25 phonemes. One peculiarity is a presence of both post-alveolar and palatal affricates, but a lack of corresponding palatal fricatives. Unlike most other Slavic languages such as Russian, there is no palatalized versus non-palatalized (hard–soft) contrast for most consonants.
Morphology and Syntax
Serbian is a highly inflected language, with grammatical morphology for nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs. Serbian nouns are classified into three declensional types, denoted largely by their nominative case endings as "-a" type, "-i" and "-e" type. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Each noun may be inflected to represent the noun's grammatical case, of which Serbian has seven: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental and locative. Nouns are further inflected to represent the noun's number, singular or plural.
Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is a pro-drop language, meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis.
Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms—perfect, aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect—of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic), one future tense (also known as the first future tense, as opposed to the second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the conditional mood by some contemporary linguists), and one present tense. These are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the imperative mood. The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses) and the second conditional (without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passive voice.
As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive, two adjectival participles (the active and the passive), and two adverbial participles (the present and the past).
Orthography
Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic (ћирилица, ćirilica) and Latin script (latinica, латиница). Serbian is a rare example of synchronic digraphia, a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or the other. Although standard Serbian uses both scripts, the Cyrillic script is the current official script of the language in Serbia.
Written sample
Sjeverni ledeni vjetar i Sunce su se prepirali o svojoj snazi.
Spoken samples
Djokovic press conference (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvX5Hxy4Zys)
Lullaby (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3fdqj1P3Ns)
Sources & Further reading
Wikipedia articles on Serbian
What now?
This thread is foremost a place for discussion. Are you a native speaker? Share your culture with us. Learning the language? Tell us why you chose it and what you like about it. Thinking of learning? Ask a native a question. Interested in linguistics? Tell us what's interesting about it, or ask other people. Discussion is week-long, so don't worry about post age, as long as it's this week's language.

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Sylheti (Sylheti Nagri: ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Silôṭi, Bengali: সিলেটি, romanized: Sileti) is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh, Barak Valley of the Indian state of Assam and Northern part of the Tripura state. There is also a substantial number of Sylheti speakers in the Indian states of Meghalaya, Manipur, and Nagaland. It also has a large diaspora in the United Kingdom, the United States and the Middle East.

Linguistics

Sylheti is an Indo-Aryan language, which means it's closely related to languages such as Hindi, Punjabi and more distantly related to languages such as English, Welsh and Ancient Hittite.
Classification
Indo-European> Indo-Iranian > Indo-Aryan > Eastern > Bengali–Assamese > Bengali > Sylheti
Morphophonemics
Sylheti has five phonemic vowels and 24 phonemic consonants. Unlike most Indo-Aryan (and, indeed, Indo-European) languages, Sylheti is a tonal language (Punjabi is another Indo-Aryan tonal language). While there is no direct evidence that tonogenesis in Sylheti arose due to contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, there has been extensive contact between them so it is possible that tone is an areal feature between the languages.
Morphology and Syntax
Sylheti does not have any articles. The default word order is Subject-Object-Verb. The language is a pro-drop language as well.
Sylheti nouns do not distinguish gender and only sometimes distinguishes between singular and plural nouns. Adjectives precede the noun, and adverbs precede the verbs as well. Sylheti nouns include a locative case and use postpositions. To make a sentence interrogative, you can add the particle ni after it.
Sylheti has several different nominative pronouns, and the second person pronoun distinguishes between very familiar, familiar and polite. Likewise, there is a polite form of the third person pronoun. The nominative pronouns can be seen in the table below.

Sylheti	Meaning
ami	I
tui	You (very familiar)
tumi	You (familiar)
afne	You (polite)
igu/ogu	he/she
he	he
tai	she
tain/hein/ein	he/she (polite)
amra	we
tura	you (very familiar)
tumra	you (familiar)
afnara	you (polite)
iguin/oguin	they
tara	they (he pl., she pl., polite plural)

Sylheti pronouns also come in possessive forms, as well as an object case.
Sylheti verbs can be conjugated for several tenses: present, present continuous,future, conditional, simple past, perfect, past perfect, and there are present participles, conditional participles and conjunctive participles as well. Verbal nouns can also be created from the verb stems, as can passives. Infinitives and imperatives exist as well; so does a request form using the conditional tense.
Orthography
The language is primarily written in the Eastern Nagari script however an alternative script was also founded in the Sylhet region known as Sylheti Nagri. During the British colonial period, Moulvi Abdul Karim spent several years in London learning the printing trade. After returning home in the 1870s, he designed a woodblock type for Sylheti Nagri and founded the Islamia Press in Sylhet town.
The written form of Sylheti which was used to write puthis was identical to those written in the Dobhashi dialect due to both lacking the use of tatsama and using Perso-Arabic vocabulary as a replacement. Similar to Dobhashi, many Sylheti Nagri texts were paginated from right to left
Written sample
ꠗꠣꠞꠣ ১: ꠢꠇꠟ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠎ꠆ꠎꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠢꠇ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠙꠄꠖꠣ ‘ꠅꠄ। ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠇꠟ ꠀꠍꠦ। ꠄꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠃꠌꠤꠔ ꠄꠇꠎꠘꠦ ꠀꠞꠇꠎꠘꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠛꠤꠞꠣꠖꠞꠤꠞ ꠝꠘ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠀꠌꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ।
Spoken samples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wP7LAvWsA9U (Rap Song)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1Kxrm6WrO4 (Foreigner speaking Sylheti)
Sources & Further reading
Wikipedia articles on Sylheti
What now?
This thread is foremost a place for discussion. Are you a native speaker? Share your culture with us. Learning the language? Tell us why you chose it and what you like about it. Thinking of learning? Ask a native a question. Interested in linguistics? Tell us what's interesting about it, or ask other people. Discussion is week-long, so don't worry about post age, as long as it's this week's language.

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I’m learning Urdu and listening to songs in addition to my lessons. I’m finding that it seems a lot of songs have words I recognize but they mean completely different things then I expect when I put into Google Translate (which seems pretty inaccurate sometimes.)
I can read the Urdu script but am working on actual comprehension.
کھولوں پالکے نہ میں
So “kholun palkay na main”

Isn’t this a conjugation of the verb “Kholna” meaning “to open” ?
What does Palkay mean on its own? It won’t translate
Google is saying this means “I don’t care” but how is kholna invovled in that when it means to open? Or is there another meaning?

Thanks to anyone who replies!

Mongolian is a Mongolic language and the official language of Mongolian. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In Mongolia, the Khalkha dialect, written in Cyrillic (and at times in Latin for social networking), is predominant, while in Inner Mongolia, the language is dialectally more diverse and is written in the traditional Mongolian script.

History

The history of the Mongolian language is usually divided into three distinct eras. The first of these, Old, or Ancient, Mongolian, was spoken until around the 12th century CE. This is often equated with the Proto-Mongolian language. It was then followed by the Middle Mongolian period, lasted until the 16th century CE. Modern Mongolian has been dominant since. The first attestation of the Mongolian Script is from around 1225 CE, though it seems to have developed about 30 years earlier. The texts in this script are classified as Middle Mongolian, and are part of a pre-Classical era of Mongolian literature. The conversion of the Mongols to Buddhism (c. 1575) ushered in the Classical period (17th and early 18th centuries) of translation of scriptural texts from Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese, and this period corresponds to the commencement of the Modern period of the spoken language. Not until the 19th century did features of contemporary spoken Mongolian languages begin to appear in Mongolian texts.
The other Mongolian languages started to split off from Old Mongolian following the expansion of the Mongols during the Middle Mongolian period.

Linguistics

As a Mongolic language, Mongolian is related to other languages such as Daur, Oirat, Monguor, Shira Yugur and Moghol. Some linguists theorize it is part of a larger family with the Kitan language.
The data discussed here is from the standard Khalkha variety of Mongolian in Mongolia.
Classification
Mongolian's full classification is as follows:
Mongolic (Proto-Mongolic Language) > Mongolian
Phonology and Phonotactics
There are seven monophthong vowel phonemes in Mongolian. Word-initially, there is a phonemic contrast for length, giving a total of 14 contrastive vowel phonemes (length is only contrastive word initially). These phonemes are /i e ɵ a ɔ ʊ u/ with their corresponding long forms (/oː/ is the long form of /ɵ/, due to a sound change in the non-lenghtened one).
There are 29 consonant phonemes, with an additional four that only appear in loan words. The maximal syllable structure is CVVCCC, and stress is non-phonemic and there is not much scholary consensus on where stress falls in a word.
Mongolian also has two types of vowel harmony. The first, known as Advanced Tongue Root, is a three-way system. The other is based off rounding, and does not affect closed vowels.
Morphology and Syntax
Mongolian is an aggulitinative language, and almost wholly suffixing, with the one exception being reduplication.
Mongolian nouns decline for plurality and case, as well as reflexivization. Plurality is not required, and is never used when the context already indicates the noun is plural. Mongolian declines for eight different cases: nominative, genitive, dative-locative, accusative, ablative, instrumental, comitative and directive.
Mongolian verbs are conjugated by extensive addition of suffixes. These are attached in the following order: voice - aspect - mood.
Mongolian has several different voice suffixes.

The active suffix, is unmarked on the verb and is used when the subject of the sentence is active.
The causative voice suffix is used when the subject (which doesn't have to appear) causes something to happen.
The passive voice suffix, which works similar to the English passive but is rarely used.
The communal voice suffix, which expresses that the action of the subject is associated with the action(s) of other(s). The subject is usually a helper, but the action of 'helping' is not being stressed; rather, it's the fact that someone takes part or is involved in the action that is being stressed.
The adversative voice suffix is used when actions of two or more subjects happen simultaneously; despite its name, it is not inherently negative.

Likewise, there are many aspect suffixes:

quick action suffix, which expresses that the action happens quickly and in a short time. Can sometimes be translated with "a little, a bit".
temporary action, which signifies the action is to continue for a little while, but has a temporary character.
completed action, which expresses an action that has been fully completed; often appears with the perfect aspect, and bears a slight perfect meaning
collective action, which reveals that many people (usually more than two) are involved in the action, and thus the subject is plural
repetitive action, which expresses an action that is repeated again and again
progressive action, which indicates something is happening currently
perfect action, which is an action that continues up to a certain selected point of time in the past/present/future; very similar to the English perfect aspect
progressive-perfect aspect, which combines the previous two.

The following mood suffixes are used in Mongolian:

noun determining suffixes, which link the verb to a succeeding noun. Among these there are ones for past, indefinite present, progressive present, future, and "doer".
adword determining suffixes, which include suffixes for wish, possibility and necessity.
verb determining suffixes: simultaneous, associative, anterior, conditional, concessive, immediately succeeding, logically succeeding, intending, limiting, progressive, succeeding, seizing opportunity and excluding.
person-bound terminating suffixes, which include: intention, decision, command, request, demand, admonition, appeal, permission, hope, blessing
tense-bound terminating suffixes, which include: general past, three other past suffixes, indefinite present, progressive present, present and future.

There are seven personal pronouns used in Mongolian. There are two singular 'you', with one being an honorific and the other being more informal. The honorific is the original form, and it was from this that the plural 'you' is derived. The third person pronouns are considered impolite, as they originally derived from demonstratives. All forms can be seen in the table below:

Meaning	Pronoun
1s	Би
2s informal	Чи
2s formal	Та
3s	Тэр
1pl	Бид
2pl	Та нар
3pl	Тэд

нар, required with the second person plural, can be added to the third and first person plural to stress the plural meaning or to indicate a group of individuals.

Miscellany

Mongolian is now currently written in the Cyrillic alphabet, though the Mongolian Script is used in China.

Samples

Spoken sample:

Wikitongues Recording: https://youtu.be/7l8wsBlSCpQ
Song: https://youtu.be/MG_FhWyUVGU

Written sample:
Cyrillic: Хүн бүр төрж мэндлэхдээ эрх чөлөөтэй, адилхан нэр төртэй, ижил эрхтэй байдаг. Оюун ухаан нандин чанар заяасан хүн гэгч өөр хоорондоо ахан дүүгийн үзэл санаагаар харьцах учиртай.
Mongolian Script Image here

Sources

Wikipedia articles on Mongolian
Mongolian Grammar, Kullmann & Tserenpil

Previous LotWs

Slovak (/ˈsloʊvæk, -vɑːk/) or less frequently Slovakian is a West Slavic language (together with Czech, Polish, and Sorbian). It is called slovenský jazyk (pronounced [ˈslɔʋɛnskiː ˈjazik] ) or slovenčina ([ˈslɔʋɛntʃina]) in the language itself.
Slovak is the official language of Slovakia, where it is spoken by approximately 5.51 million people (2014). Slovak speakers are also found in the United States, the Czech Republic, Argentina, Serbia, Ireland, Romania, Poland, Canada, Hungary, Germany, Croatia, Israel, the United Kingdom, Australia, Austria, Ukraine, Norway and many other countries worldwide.

History

he earliest written records of Slovak are represented by personal and place names, later by sentences, short notes and verses in Latin and Czech documents. Latin documents contain also mentions about a cultivation of the vernacular language. The complete texts are available since the 15th century. In the 15th century, Latin began to lose its privileged position in favor of Czech and cultural Slovak.
The Old Church Slavonic became the literary and liturgical language, and the Glagolitic alphabet, the corresponding script in Great Moravia until 885. Latin continues to be used in parallel. Some of the early Old Church Slavonic texts contain elements of the language of the Slavic inhabitants of Great Moravia and Pannonia, which were called the Sloviene by Slavic texts at that time. The use of Old Church Slavonic in Great Moravia was prohibited by Pope Stephen V in 885; consequently, Latin became the administrative and liturgical language again. Many followers and students of Constantine and Methodius fled to Bulgaria, Croatia, Bohemia, the Kievan Rus' and other countries.
From the 10th century onward, Slovak began to develop independently. Very few written records of Old Slovak remain, mainly from the 13th century onwards, consisting of groups of words or single sentences. Fuller Slovak texts appeared starting from 15th century. The old Slovak language and its development can be research mainly through old Slovak toponyms, petrificated within Latin texts. Examples include crali (1113) > kráľ, king; dorz (1113) > dvorec; grinchar (1113) > hrnčiar, potter; mussenic (1113) > mučeník, martyr; scitar (1113) > štítar, shieldmaker; zaltinc (1156) > zlatník, goldmaker; duor (1156) > dvor, courtyard; and otroč (1156) > otrok, slave, servant. In 1294, the monk Ivanka from Kláštor pod Znievom wrote: "ad parvam arborem nystra slowenski breza ubi est meta". It is important mainly because it contains the oldest recorded adjective Slovak in the Slovak language, whose modern form is slovensky. Up until this point, all adjectives were recorded mainly in Latin, including sclavus, slavus and sclavoniae.
Anton Bernolák, a Catholic priest (1762-1813), published the Dissertatio philologico-critica de litteris Slavorum in 1787, in which he codifies a Slovak language standard that is based on the Western Slovak language of the University of Trnava but contains also some central Slovak elements, e.g. soft consonants ď, ť, ň, ľ and many words. The orthography is strictly diacritical. The language is often called the Bernolák language. Bernolák continued his codification work in other books in the 1780s and 1790s and especially in his huge six-volume Slovak-Czech-Latin-German-Hungarian Dictionary, in print from 1825-1927. In the 1820s, the Bernolák standard was revised, and Central Slovak elements were systematically replaced by their Western Slovak equivalents.
This was the first successful establishment of a Slovak language standard. Bernolák's language was used by Slovak Catholics, especially by the writers Juraj Fándly and Ján Hollý, but Protestants still wrote in the Czech language in its old form used in Bohemia until the 17th century.
In 1843, young Slovak Lutheran Protestants, led by Ľudovít Štúr, decided to establish and discuss the central Slovak dialect as the new Slovak language standard instead of both Bernolák's language used by the Catholics and the Czech language used by older Slovak Lutheran Protestants. The new standard was also accepted by some users of the Bernolák language led by Ján Hollý, but was initially criticized by the older Lutheran Protestants led by Ján Kollár (died 1852). This language formed the basis of the later literary Slovak language that is used today. It was officially declared the new language standard in August 1844. The first Slovak grammar of the new language will be published by Ľudovít Štúr in 1846.
With the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, Slovak became an official language for the first time in history along with the Czech language. The Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 and the constitutional law on minorities which was adopted alongside the constitution on the same day established the Czechoslovak language as an official language Since the Czechoslovak language did not exist, the law recognized its two variants, Czech and Slovak. Czech was usually used in administration in the Czech lands; Slovak, in Slovakia. In practice, the position of languages was not equal. Along with political reasons, this situation was caused by a different historical experience and numerous Czech teachers and clerks in Slovakia, who helped to restore the educational system and administration because Slovaks educated in the Slovak language were missing.
Czechoslovakia split into Slovakia and Czechia in 1992. The Slovak language became the official language of Slovakia.

Linguistics

An Indo-European language, Slovak is closely related to other languages such as Czech. It is more distantly related to languages as far apart as English and Ancient Hittite.
Classification
Slovak's full classification is as follows:
Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavic > West Slavic > Czech–Slovak > Slovak
Morphophonemics
Slovak has five (or six) short vowel phonemes. These five can also be distinguished by length, giving a total of 10 contrastive vowel phonemes. There are four diphthongs in the language.
Slovak has 29 consonant phonemes, however. These phonemes are contrasted by place of articulation as well as voicing. Voiceless stops and affricates are made without aspiration.
In the standard language, the stress is always on the first syllable of a word (or on the preceding preposition, see below). This is not the case in certain dialects. Eastern dialects have penultimate stress (as in Polish), which at times makes them difficult to understand for speakers of standard Slovak. Some of the north-central dialects have a weak stress on the first syllable, which becomes stronger and moves to the penultimate in certain cases. Monosyllabic conjunctions, monosyllabic short personal pronouns and auxiliary verb forms of the verb byť (to be) are usually unstressed.
Prepositions form a single prosodic unit with the following word, unless the word is long (four syllables or more) or the preposition stands at the beginning of a sentence.
Syntax
Word order in Slovak is relatively free, since strong inflection enables the identification of grammatical roles (subject, object, predicate, etc.) regardless of word placement. This relatively free word order allows the use of word order to convey topic and emphasis.
Slovak nouns are inflected for case and number. There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental. The vocative is no longer morphologically marked. There are two numbers: singular and plural. Nouns have inherent gender. There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives and pronouns must agree with nouns in case, number, and gender.
Slovak has 9 different personal pronouns, which can also appear in the various cases. The 9 pronouns are given in the nominative case in the table below.

Meaning	Pronoun
1s	ja
2s informal	ty
3s masc	on
3s neut	ono
3s fem	ona
1p	my
2p (2s formal)	vy
3p (masculine animate, or mixed genders)	oni
3p (other)	ony

Verbs have three major conjugations. Three persons and two numbers (singular and plural) are distinguished. Several conjugation paradigms exist as follows: Slovak is a pro-drop language, which means the pronouns are generally omitted unless they are needed to add emphasis. Historically, two past tense forms were utilized. Both are formed analytically. The second of these, equivalent to the pluperfect, is not used in the modern language, being considered archaic and/or grammatically incorrect. One future tense exists. For imperfective verbs, it is formed analytically, for perfective verbs it is identical with the present tense. Two conditional forms exist, both formed analytically from the past tense. Most Slovak verbs can have two forms: perfective (the action has ended or is complete) and imperfective (the action has not yet ended).
Orthography
Slovak uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˇ, ´, ¨, ˆ) placed above certain letters (a-á,ä; c-č; d-ď; dz-dž; e-é; i-í; l-ľ,ĺ; n-ň; o-ó,ô; r-ŕ; s-š; t-ť; u-ú; y-ý; z-ž)
The primary principle of Slovak spelling is the phonemic principle. The secondary principle is the morphological principle: forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the etymological principle, which can be seen in the use of i after certain consonants and of y after other consonants, although both i and y are usually pronounced the same way.
Finally, the rarely applied grammatical principle is present when, for example, the basic singular form and plural form of masculine adjectives are written differently with no difference in pronunciation (e.g. pekný = nice – singular versus pekní = nice – plural).
Written Sample:
Všetci ľudia sa rodia slobodní a sebe rovní, čo sa týka ich dostôjnosti a práv. Sú obdarení rozumom a majú navzájom jednať v bratskom duchu.
Spoken sample:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLwMLhr_McQ (interview)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShR1Hp4xFDw (lullaby)
https://youtu.be/qW0GpWnioTQ (wikitongues)
Sources & Further reading
Wikipedia articles on Slovak
What now?
This thread is foremost a place for discussion. Are you a native speaker? Share your culture with us. Learning the language? Tell us why you chose it and what you like about it. Thinking of learning? Ask a native a question. Interested in linguistics? Tell us what's interesting about it, or ask other people. Discussion is week-long, so don't worry about post age, as long as it's this week's language.

Previous LotWs

"And now I heard his voice, rising, swelling, thundering through the flaring light, and as I fell, the radiance increasing, increasing, poured over me in waves of flame. Then I sank into the depths, and I heard the King in Yellow whispering to my soul: 'It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God!'". -In the Court of the Dragon, from The King in Yellow by Robert Chambers

Ok, hear me out.
Immortals probably exist in ASOIAF
We have several very long lived characters in ASOIAF. Brynden Rivers is pushing 125 years. The Undying of Qarth are who knows how old. TV Melisandre is supposedly hundreds of years old and I imagine that’s going to be revealed as true in the books eventually. Carice van Houten was hinting at it back in 2012 when George was still very closely involved in the show.
Additionally, the natural cycles of summer and winter, life and death, and the corruption of those cycles are one of the recurring motifs of ASOIAF. So it would make sense that some people have found a way to achieve the individual equivalent of “the summer that never ends.”
Immortals probably would want to seek Daenerys out

Last of the three seekers to depart was Quaithe the shadowbinder. From her Dany received only a warning. "Beware," the woman in the red lacquer mask said.
"Of whom?"
"Of all. They shall come day and night to see the wonder that has been born again into the world, and when they see they shall lust. For dragons are fire made flesh, and fire is power." -A Clash of Kings - Daenerys II

Daenerys is, basically, a Weirdness Magnet. She has the only three known dragons anywhere in the world, and these dragons act as magical amplifiers. Everybody, especially everybody magical, is going to want a piece of them.
Immortal beings, who presumably rely on magic to sustain their vitality and might be magic users themselves, would particularly want to be in the proximity of her and her dragons as much as possible, and seek her out. While some like Bloodraven may be unable to do so, others probably can. So the idea of immortal beings in Daenerys’ court is actually not particularly strange. In fact, it seems almost inevitable. Thus we are confronted with a fantastic variant of the Fermi paradox: if immortals exist, why haven’t we seen any? And just like the Fermi paradox, the solution may well be “Because they’re hiding.”
Enter Daario Naharis.
Etymology, Mythology, and Daario

“Some character names do have meanings, when I dig into my “What to name your baby” books and find this name means destined for a tragic end, yeah, that’ll be a good name for my character.” (1:23:50) -Audio of GRRM interview with John Picacio in Redwood City

Daario Naharis has some interesting names. The first, Daario, is a slightly adjusted form of Dario, derived from Darius, a name held by many Persian emperors. Daario thus has connotations of power and royalty, as well as an association with the famous royal bodyguard of the Persian emperors: the immortals.
But that’s a fairly loose connection. Now his last name, Naharis, is far more interesting. “Nahar” is related to words in Hebrew, Arabic, Urdu, and other Near East languages for rivecanal. The inclusion of river suggests he might be connected to the river Ash in the Shadowlands. But I’m less interested in rivers than I am in Judge Nahar, otherwise known as the Semitic God Yamm.

Yamm (from the Semitic word yam for 'sea’, also known as Yam and Yam-Nahar) was the god of the sea in the pantheon of the Canaanite-Phoenicians. Depicted consistently as tyrannical, angry, violent and harsh, Yamm was the brother of Mot, the god of death, and is associated with chaos (an association furthered by his identification with Lotan the Leviathan, the monster who churned the seas). As Yam-Nahar (literally 'sea’ and 'river’) he personified the destructive aspects of both. He was the son of El, the supreme god of the Canaanite and Phoenician pantheon and is also referred to as Prince Yamm and “Beloved of El” in the myths of the region.

Yamm is an angry, chaotic sea god. Additionally he is closely associated with his servant Lotan, a multi-headed sea dragon thought to be an inspiration for the biblical Leviathan.
The reference to “Nahar” specifically rather than Yamm implies that GRRM is familiar with the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, a Caananite mythological text regarding a struggle where Baal, a storm god struggles with and defeats “Judge Nahar” (an epithet of Yamm) before also fighting Mot, the god of death.

Now Mighty Baal, son of Dagon, desired the kingship of the Gods. He contended with Prince Yam-Nahar, the Son of El. But Kindly El, Father Shunem, decided the case in favour of His son; He gave the kingship to Prince Yam. He gave the power to Judge Nahar. Fearsome Yam came to rule the Gods with an iron fist. He caused Them to labor and toil under His reign. They cried unto Their mother, Asherah, Lady of the Sea. They convinced Her to confront Yam, to interceed in Their behalf.

Note the name Asherah here, and its similarity to Ashara. Further evidence that the Baal Cycle was on George’s mind when he wrote ASOIAF.
Finally, let’s note that the addition of “-is” on the end of Nahar suggests George may have decided to make his name a crude anagram: “Daario is Nahar.” Pretty cocky move by GRRM, but it's been 19 years without people noticing so I guess he's right.
Anyway, all of this suggests that Daario is a character meant to be associated with a chaotic, tyrannical water god. A “Drowned God,” if you will. This adds yet another connection to the many between Euron and Daario. Some think these two are the same person, but that’s not weird enough for me! Let’s try looking at Daario through the lens of another, more modern mythos.
Hastur the Unspeakable One
Hastur is a being from the Cthulhu Mythos with an interesting history. He originated first with the Ambrose Bierce short story Haita The Shepherd, where he is a not at all horrifying god of Shepherds. Robert W Chambers liked the name, and started throwing it around in a collection of short stories titled “The King In Yellow,” named after a play which recurs as a motif in each story, with excerpts from Act I repeating appearing throughout. Act II, however drives the reader mad. Lovecraft himself then name dropped Hastur in a few places…

I found myself faced by names and terms that I had heard elsewhere in the most hideous of connections—Yuggoth, Great Cthulhu, Tsathoggua, Yog-Sothoth, R'lyeh, Nyarlathotep, Azathoth, Hastur, Yian, Leng, the Lake of Hali, Bethmoora, the Yellow Sign, L’mur-Kathulos, Bran and the Magnum Innominandum—and was drawn back through nameless aeons and inconceivable dimensions to worlds of elder, outer entity at which the crazed author of the Necronomicon had only guessed in the vaguest way. —H. P. Lovecraft, "The Whisperer in Darkness"

...without explaining much of anything about him. And finally, August Derleth elevated him to the status of Great Old One, half-brother and rival to Cthulhu, and made the King in Yellow one of his avatars.
GRRM is clearly familiar with Hastur, having named a mysterious city in Essos after the lost city Carcosa, which features in the King in Yellow.

Strange is the night where black stars rise, And strange moons circle through the skies, But stranger still is Lost Carcosa.

And Daario’s initial appearance, flamboyant and ridiculous as it is, is a reference to the King in Yellow. Here is how he first appears to Daenerys.

...Daario Naharis was flamboyant even for a Tyroshi. His beard was cut into three prongs and dyed blue, the same color as his eyes and the curly hair that fell to his collar. His pointed mustachios were painted gold. His clothes were all shades of yellow; a foam of Myrish lace the color of butter spilled from his collar and cuffs, his doublet was sewn with brass medallions in the shape of dandelions, and ornamental goldwork crawled up his high leather boots to his thighs. Gloves of soft yellow suede were tucked into a belt of gilded rings, and his fingernails were enameled blue. -A Storm of Swords, Daenerys IV

Did GRRM dress Daario like a banana just to emphasize that he’s flamboyant? I think not. Why make his entire outfit different shades of yellow if there’s no significance behind it?
And he makes this appearance before Daenerys and her court, thus making him “In the Court of the Dragon.” The title of one of the stories in The King In Yellow.
This could perhaps be dismissed if there were no supporting evidence for the idea that Daario is immortal. However, that evidence is everywhere.
Textual evidence that Daario isn’t human
A lot of text about Daario that comes across as kind of pointless suddenly gains much more meaning when you assume he isn’t human.

"Prendahl and Sallor would tell you so, if dead men could talk. I count no day as lived unless I have loved a woman, slain a foeman, and eaten a fine meal . . . and the days that I have lived are as numberless as the stars in the sky. I make of slaughter a thing of beauty, and many a tumbler and fire dancer has wept to the gods that they might be half so quick, a quarter so graceful. I would tell you the names of all the men I have slain, but before I could finish your dragons would grow large as castles, the walls of Yunkai would crumble into yellow dust, and winter would come and go and come again."

If Daario is a normal man: Daario is making a ridiculous boast about how much sex, murder, and fine cuisine he has had, which is extremely weirdly worded for someone who’s probably in his 20s appearance wise.
If Daario is an immortal: Daario is correctly stating that he has lived thousands of years and killed countless people right in front of Daenerys, while having an inward laugh at how she is misinterpreting it.

She believed him. "I swore that I should wed Hizdahr zo Loraq if he gave me ninety days of peace, but now … I wanted you from the first time that I saw you, but you were a sellsword, fickle, treacherous. You boasted that you'd had a hundred women." "A hundred?" Daario chuckled through his purple beard. "I lied, sweet queen. It was a thousand. But never once a dragon."

If Daario is a normal man: Daario is escalating a plausible boast to Wilt Chamberlain levels, even though doing so is definitely not in his best interest assuming he wants Daenerys
If Daario is an immortal: Daario is factually stating that yes, he has had a thousand women over the course of thousands of years being alive, but has never had either a Valyrian woman or, more likely, an actual dragon

"You are a queen. You can do what you like." He slid a hand along her leg. "How many nights remain to us?"
Two. Only two. "You know as well as I. This night and the next, and we must end this."
"Marry me, and we can have all the nights forever."

If Daario is a normal man: standard romantic hyperbole.
If Daario is immortal: an offer of immortality in exchange for her hand in marriage.

Beside her, Daario Naharis was sleeping as peacefully as a newborn babe. He had a gift for sleeping, he'd boasted, smiling in that cocksure way of his. In the field, he would sleep in the saddle oft as not, he claimed, so as to be well rested should he come upon a battle. Sun or storm, it made no matter. "A warrior who cannot sleep soon has no strength to fight," he said. He was never vexed by nightmares either. When Dany told him how Serwyn of the Mirror Shield was haunted by the ghosts of all the knights he'd killed, Daario only laughed. "If the ones I killed come bother me, I will kill them all again." He has a sellsword's conscience, she realized then. That is to say, none at all.

If Daario is a normal man: Daario is saying he is very good at naps. Also he wants us to know he has no conscience, and a ludicrously inflated opinion of how he would fare against an incorporeal being.
If Daario is an immortal: FOR EONS DAARIO HAS SLUMBERED. NOW HE WAKES. NOT EVEN YOUR SOULS ARE SAFE.
What the hell is Daario?
Despite the Lovecraft references, I think it is highly unlikely we will see Daario’s face slough off to reveal a hideous mass of writhing tentacles and gnashing mouths too terrible for the mind to comprehend. He is probably simply an immortal “human” who through magic has indefinitely prolonged his own life. But who?
Daenerys presents us with one possible option, without meaning to:

Daario had plundered himself a whole new wardrobe in Meereen, and to match it he had redyed his trident beard and curly hair a deep rich purple. It made his eyes look almost purple too, as if he were some lost Valyrian. A Storm of Swords - Daenerys VI

The “almost purple color” is so important it’s mentioned twice:

If I want Daario I need only say so. She lay with Irri's legs entangled in her own. His eyes looked almost purple today . . . A Storm of Swords - Daenerys VI

Make that thrice, and in a different book too:

No, she thought. His eyes are a deep blue, almost purple, and his gold tooth gleams when he smiles for me. A Dance with Dragons - Daenerys II

This “lost Valyrian” hypothesis makes some sense. Daario constantly dyes his hair and beard, we never see its actual color. Others have noted this and find it suspicious:

"Daenerys, I am thrice your age," Ser Jorah said. "I have seen how false men are. Very few are worthy of trust, and Daario Naharis is not one of them. Even his beard wears false colors."

Daario, when talking about one of his mercenaries, assures Daenerys that those who dye their hair are among the most trustworthy possible people, and definitely not spies.

"I trust all my men. Just as far as I can spit." He spat out a seed and smiled at her suspicions. "Shall I bring their heads to you? I will, if you command it. One is bald and two have braids and one dyes his beard four different colors. What spy would wear such a beard, I ask you?

Which is the sort of thing that might make someone even more suspicious. We also know of a certain other “mercenary” who dies their hair… Young Griff. Could Daario also be concealing silver hair?
Then there’s also his peculiarly nonchalant attitude towards Daenerys’ dragons, indicating that perhaps he’s been around them before:

Viserion sniffed the blood leaking from Prendahl's neck, and let loose a gout of flame that took the dead man full in the face, blackening and blistering his bloodless cheeks. Drogon and Rhaegal stirred at the smell of roasted meat.
"You did this?" Dany asked queasily.
"None other." If her dragons discomfited Daario Naharis, he hid it well. For all the mind he paid them, they might have been three kittens playing with a mouse.

One significant problem with this possibility is that Daario’s eyes are “almost purple,” but not quite. For this and other reasons, I think there is a better answer. TWOIAF presents this intriguing hypothesis on the origins of dragons:

”In Asshai, the tales are many and confused, but certain texts—all impossibly ancient—claim that dragons first came from the Shadow, a place where all of our learning fails us. These Asshai'i histories say that a people so ancient they had no name first tamed dragons in the Shadow and brought them to Valyria, teaching the Valyrians their arts before departing from the annals.” -TWOIAF

And there’s something notable about the Valyrians: they were originally shepherds.

Yet her words did not move the plump perfumed slaver, even when rendered in his own ugly tongue. "Old Ghis ruled an empire when the Valyrians were still fucking sheep," he growled at the poor little scribe, "and we are the sons of the harpy."

Remember how Hastur was originally a god of shepherds? Could Daario be a member of this mysterious Shadowlands precursor race, and perhaps even the same one who taught them how to tame dragons in the first place?
Whatever he is, his immortality seems to be of the “dies but comes back to life” sort, rather than invincibility.

Just three nights ago she had dreamed of Daario lying dead beside the road, staring sightlessly into the sky as crows quarreled above his corpse. A Dance with Dragons - Daenerys V

It could be a completely random dream, mentioned for no reason. It could be symbolic, although what exactly could a bunch of crows quarreling over Daario’s body next to a road symbolize? But most likely, imo, this is a dream of something that actually happened, judging by the condition he comes back in.

As Daario Naharis took a knee before her, Dany's heart gave a lurch. His hair was matted with dried blood, and on his temple a deep cut glistened red and raw. His right sleeve was bloody almost to the elbow. "You're hurt," she gasped.
"This?" Daario touched his temple. "A crossbowman tried to put a quarrel through my eye, but I outrode it. I was hurrying home to my queen, to bask in the warmth of her smile." He shook his sleeve, spattering red droplets. "This blood is not mine. One of my serjeants said we should go over to the Yunkai'i, so I reached down his throat and pulled his heart out. I meant to bring it to you as a gift for my silver queen, but four of the Cats cut me off and came snarling and spitting after me. One almost caught me, so I threw the heart into his face." A Dance with Dragons - Daenerys VI

Let’s not think too much about whether Daario's previously established habit of making ridiculous boasts that are actually true, implies he actually ripped a man’s heart out through his throat. Instead focus on the fact that he took a deep wound to the head and rode back mostly fine, albeit absolutely covered in blood, shortly after Daenerys dreamed of him dying.
What is Daario’s agenda?
Three possibilities stand out. The first is simply that Daario wants to stay close to Daenerys as much as possible because the proximity of the dragons strengthens the magic keeping him alive. It’s unlikely that the dragons are necessary to do this, but it’s probably a nice little pick-me-up.
The second is that Daario wants to nudge Daenerys towards violence and madness, either because it’s amusing or for some darker purpose. Daario is certainly a bad influence on Daenerys, which in combination with his supernatural nature makes him take on a certain demonic aspect. His cruel advice is too numerous to recount in full, but among other things:

He encouraged her to send the Unsullied into boiling oil in the siege of Meereen
He offers to kill Jorah for her
He suggests a “Red Wedding” style massacre of the nobles of Meereen
He offers to build a pile of heads for Daenerys taller than the Great Pyramid of Meereen
He convinces her to allow some of the Meereenese to sell themselves back into slavery
He says all rulers are either butchers or meat

The third possibility is that Daario really wants to court Daenerys and have a child with her. Daario is certainly having some success on that front, since Daenerys is insufferably obsessed with him.

Dany loved the way his gold tooth gleamed when he grinned. She loved the fine hairs on his chest. She loved the strength in his arms, the sound of his laughter, the way he would always look into her eyes and say her name as he slid his cock inside her. "You are beautiful," she blurted as she watched him don his riding boots and lace them up. Some days he let her do that for him, but not today, it seemed. That's done with too.

Gag. Insert like five more chapters of that and that’s ADWD for you.
Now Daenery's fixation on Daario is usually just thought to be GRRM saying "Teenage girls have awful taste in men and Daenerys is no exception." At length. Exhaustive length. But this is probably a smokescreen for something more sinister going on. Could Daario be enthralling Daenerys through supernatural means? It would make sense if Daario is meant to be a reference to the King in Yellow. He is associated with a supernatural mark called the Yellow Sign.

The King in Yellow never fully describes the shape and purpose of the Yellow Sign. Nonetheless, "The Repairer of Reputations", one of the stories in the collection, suggests that anyone who possesses, even by accident, a copy of the sign is susceptible to some form of insidious mind control, or possession, by the King in Yellow or one of his heirs. The stories also suggest that the original creator of the sign was not human and possibly came from a strange alternate dimension that contains an ominous and ancient city known as Carcosa.

As for a motive? Daario may be trying to father a race of immortal dragon riding god emperors to conquer the world. Daario has blue “almost purple” eyes, and said he has never once had a dragon. Perhaps despite being one of the precursors from the Shadowlands, he is genetically incapable of dragon riding? This might also explain why he would seek out the Valyrians and teach them to ride dragons. A child of Daario and Daenerys could inherit Daario’s immortality and Daenerys’ dragon riding, and would be a demigod among mortals. True "Stallion that Mounts the World" material.
And if Daenerys' fertility issues are ever resolved, given that Daenerys is in "screw Hizdahr, screw being temperate and responsible, I do what I want" mode as of the end of ADWD, Daario has a pretty good chance at fathering that child, given their extensive "conjugal relations."

That night Daario had her every way a man can have a woman, and she gave herself to him willingly. The last time, as the sun was coming up, she used her mouth to make him hard again, as Doreah had taught her long ago, then rode him so wildly that his wound began to bleed again, and for one sweet heartbeat she could not tell whether he was inside of her, or her inside of him.

Show Daenerys: Hears bells, goes completely insane.
Book Daenerys: Literally had sex with an elder god, still sane for now.
How will the reveal go down?
It might not. Overtly, that is.

The gardeners dig a hole, drop in a seed and water it. They kind of know what seed it is, they know if planted a fantasy seed or mystery seed or whatever. But as the plant comes up and they water it, they don't know how many branches it's going to have, they find out as it grows. And I'm much more a gardener than an architect. -GRRM

GRRM has planted one hell of a weird eldritch seed with Daario, and then watered it extensively by giving him a ridiculous amount of focus in Daenerys' ADWD chapters. But who knows how much it will grow? The mechanism of Daario's immortality does have a certain amount of plausible deniability built into it; he could be "killed" and as long as his body isn't recovered, no one would be the wiser if he walks it off a couple hours/days later.
However there is one very plot important way the books could reveal his true nature: Dragonbinder.

Moqorro turned the hellhorn, examining the queer letters that crawled across a second of the golden bands. "Here it says, 'No mortal man shall sound me and live.' " -A Dance with Dragons - Victarion I

As of the end of ADWD, Daario is still being held hostage by the Yunkish. He may even be on board a Yunkish ship, which Victarion may end up boarding. Victarion could thus easily take Daario prisoner himself when he attacks the Yunkish fleet at the Battle of Fire. And afterwards when Daenerys doesn't immediately throw herself at Victarion, either because she's uninterested or, more likely, not even present, Victarion is going to be mad. And when Victarion gets mad, people are going to die.
He may well offer an ultimatum: Daenerys marries me now or Daario blows the hellhorn, killing him. This will not work, so Daario will blow the horn. And then... nothing. He's completely fine. Victarion has just enough time to be very confused before one of the dragons (probably Rhaegal) burns him to death. And then either Daario flies off to Westeros with the dragon, or the dragon is bound to Daario's master (perhaps Euron?) and Daario just goes back to Meereen as if nothing ever happened. Everybody in story chalks his survival up to "magic sure is weird, huh?" And the reader is the only one alive who knows the implications of what happened. These are just two of the possible ways it could go down.
Anyway, that's why Daario Naharis is a secret immortal demigod from the Shadowlands. I have some speculation on his connections to Euron but I'll save those for later. What do you think? At least "Bolt-On" levels of plausible?
And TL;DR
Daario = Judge Nahar
Daario = The King In Yellow = Hastur
Many of Daario's ridiculous brags are actually true statements
Daario's natural hair color is silver and his eyes are almost purple
Daario dies and then resurrects shortly afterwards at least once off screen
Daario probably wants to turn Daenerys to the dark side or father a race of immortal dragon-riding demigods with her.
Daario may blow Dragonbinder and live in TWOW.
Edit: While I came to this conclusion independently, it would be remiss of me not to note that just now I found someone else had a similar idea 3 years ago! So now I need to look into their other theory that Tommen is a telepath I guess.

Catalan is a Romance language spoken by approximately 10 million speakers, with roughly 4 million being native speakers. It is the only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian). It also has semi-official status in the Italian comune of Alghero. It is also spoken in the eastern strip of Aragon, in some villages of Region of Murcia called Carche and in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of France. These territories are often called Països Catalans or "Catalan Countries".

History

Historian Jaume Villanueva stated that the first sample of Catalan was a sentence in a now-lost manuscript from Ripoll. It was a whimsical note in 10th- or early 11th-century calligraphy: Magister m[eu]s no vol que em miras novel ("my master does not want you to watch me, newbie"). Around the 9th century, however, certain texts written in macaronic Latin start to show Catalan traits. However, it was not until the 11th century that texts written wholly in Catalan started to appear. Some of these texts are Oath of Radulf Oriol (ca. 1028-1047) Complaints of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet (ca. 1080–1095), or The Oath of Peace and Truce of Count Pere Ramon (1098). However, it was often difficult at this time to determine if the language of some texts was Catalan or Occitan, as the two languages were extremely similar at the time.
Catalan lived a golden age during the Late Middle Ages, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural plenitude. Examples of this can be seen in the works of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th-14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry which culminated in Ausiàs March (1397–1459).
By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the center of social and cultural dynamism, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world.The belief that political splendor was correlated with linguistic consolidation was voiced through the Royal Chancery, which promoted a highly standardized language
After the Nueva Planta Decrees, the use of Catalan in administration and education was banned in the Kingdom of Spain. It was not until the Renaixença that use of the Catalan language saw a resurgence.
In Francoist Spain (1939–1975), the use of Spanish in place of Catalan was promoted, and public use of Catalan was initially repressed and discouraged by official propaganda campaigns. The use of Catalan in government-run institutions and in public events was banned. During later stages of the Francoist regime, certain folkloric or religious celebrations in Catalan were allowed to resume and were tolerated. Use of Catalan in the mass media was initially forbidden, but beginning in the early 1950s, it was permitted in the theater. Publishing in Catalan continued throughout the dictatorship. There were attempts at prohibiting the use of spoken Catalan in public and in commerce, and all advertising and signage had to be in Spanish, as did all written communication in business.
Following the death of Franco in 1975 and the restoration of democracy under a constitutional monarchy, the use of Catalan increased significantly because of new affirmative action and subsidy policies. The Catalan language is now used in politics, education and the media, including the newspapers Avui ("Today"), El Punt ("The Point"), Ara ("Now"), La Vanguardia and El Periódico de Catalunya (sharing content with El Periòdic d'Andorra, printed in Andorra); and the television channels of Televisió de Catalunya (TVC): TV3, and Canal 33 (culture channel), Super3/3XL (cartoons channel) as well as a 24-hour news channel 3/24 and the sports channel Esport 3; in Valencia à punt; in the Balearic islands IB3; in Catalonia there are also some private channels such as 8TV and Barça TV.

Linguistics

As a Romance language, Catalan is related to other well-known languages such as Spanish and French, as well as to lesser-known Romance languages such as Aromanian and Sardinian. It is more distantly related to other Indo-European languages such as English, Hindi and ancient Hittite.
Classification
Catalan's full classification is as follows:
Indo-European > Italic > Romance > Western Romance > Gallo-Romance > Occitano-Romance > Catalan
Morphophonemics
Catalan contains seven stressed vowel phonemes, which, depending on the dialect, often reduce down to three distinct phonemes when they are unstressed. There are 25 or 26 consonant phonemes, depending on the dialect. Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word.
Syntax
As in most Romance languages, Catalan nouns, adjectives, pronouns and articles are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers (singular and plural). Apart from the pronouns, Catalan retains no case inflection.
Catalan exhibits more personal pronouns than either Spanish or Italian, with a total of 13, the subject forms are listed in the table below. Like most European languages, there is a T-V distinction in the language based on formality, so a different (more formal) pronoun would be used. There is also an additional, more respectful form of the second person singular pronoun that is archaic except in a few dialects and administrative texts, also included in the table below. Like many Romance language, pronomial objects (both direct and indirect) are represented as either clitics before the verb or as suffixes to the verb.

Pronoun	Meaning
jo, mi	1st singular
nosaltres	1st plural
tu	2nd singular informal
vosaltres	2nd plural informal
vostè	2nd singular formal
vostès	2nd plural formal
vós	2nd person respectful
ell	3rd person singular masculine
ells	3rd person plural masculine
ella	3rd person singular feminine
elles	3rd person plural feminine
si	3rd person reflexive
hom	3rd person impersonal

Catalan verbs can inflect for a wide variety of tenses, aspects and moods, and is typologically a fusional paradigm. Overall, there are 11 total verbal forms, though one of them is archaic. The non-finite forms are the infinitive, the root form of the verb, the gerund, the past participial; the finite forms include indicative present, imperfect, preterite (archaic), future and conditional; subjunctive present and imperfect; and the imperative. Within each finite paradigm, there are six different forms, representing each of the three persons and two numbers; like many other Romance languages, the formal second person forms conjugate in the manner of the third person.
Catalan word order is generally subject-verb-object, but can also be fairly free to allow for slight semantic differences and topic focuses.
Orthography
Catalan uses the Latin script, with some added symbols and digraphs. The Catalan orthography is systematic and largely phonologically based.Standardization of Catalan was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC, founded in 1911) published the Normes ortogràfiques in 1913 under the direction of Antoni Maria Alcover and Pompeu Fabra. In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in Castelló de la Plana to make a formal adoption of the so-called Normes de Castelló, a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms
Text sample:
Tenia prop de divuit anys quan vaig conèixer en Raül, a l'estació de Manresa. El meu pare havia mort, inesperadament i encara jove, un parell d'anys abans, i d'aquells temps conservo un record de punyent solitud. Les meves relacions amb la mare no havien pas millorat, tot el contrari, potser fins i tot empitjoraven a mesura que em feia gran. No existia, no existí mai entre nosaltres, una comunitat d'interessos, d'afeccions. Cal creure que cercava... una persona en qui centrar la meva vida afectiva.
Spoken sample:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nN4fDhAcGTM (Wikitongues video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diITZkQlcxs&list=PLjDCKlXHQBGYSpTwIy3MSfs7qmn0Artz- (Playlist of Catalan folksongs)
Sources & Further reading
Wikipedia on Catalan
/catalan
What now?
This thread is foremost a place for discussion. Are you a native speaker? Share your culture with us. Learning the language? Tell us why you chose it and what you like about it. Thinking of learning? Ask a native a question. Interested in linguistics? Tell us what's interesting about it, or ask other people. Discussion is week-long, so don't worry about post age, as long as it's this week's language.

Previous LotWs

Danish (/ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ ; dansk [ˈtænˀsk], dansk sprog [ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔʊ̯ˀ])is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people, principally in Denmark and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany, where it has minority language status] Also, minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway, Sweden, Spain, the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina. Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas, around 15–20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language.

History

Proto-Norse, the common ancestor of all the Germanic languages of Scandinavia and Iceland, had evolved into Old Norse by the 8th century CE. At this time, the Old Norse language began to undergo localized shifts, developing into two similar, but distinct, dialects: Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Ole East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The language of this period was written in the runic alphabet, first being written in Older Futhark, but then, in Denmark, in Younger Futhark from the 9th century.
In the medieval period, Danish emerged as a separate language from Swedish. The main written language was Latin, and the few Danish-language texts preserved from this period are written in the Latin alphabet, although the runic alphabet seems to have lingered in popular usage in some areas. The main text types written in this period are laws, which were formulated in the vernacular language to be accessible also to those who were not latinate. The Jutlandic Law and Scanian Law were written in vernacular Danish in the early-13th century. Beginning in 1350, Danish began to be used as a language of administration, and new types of literature began to be written in the language, such as royal letters and testaments. The orthography in this period was not standardized nor was the spoken language, and the regional laws demonstrate the dialectal differences between the regions in which they were written.
Following the first Bible translation, the development of Danish as a written language, as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Danish, first among them Rasmus Bartholin's 1657 Latin grammar De studio lingvæ danicæ; then Laurids Olufsen Kock's 1660 grammar of the Zealand dialect Introductio ad lingvam Danicam puta selandicam; and in 1685 the first Danish grammar written in Danish, Den Danske Sprog-Kunst ("The Art of the Danish Language") by Peder Syv. Major authors from this period are Thomas Kingo, poet and psalmist, and Leonora Christina Ulfeldt, whose novel Jammersminde (Remembered Woes) is considered a literary masterpiece by scholars. Orthography was still not standardized and the principles for doing so were vigorously discussed among Danish philologists. The grammar of Jens Pedersen Høysgaard was the first to give a detailed analysis of Danish phonology and prosody, including a description of the stød. In this period, scholars were also discussing whether it was best to "write as one speaks" or to "speak as one writes", including whether archaic grammatical forms that had fallen out of use in the vernacular, such as the plural form of verbs, should be conserved in writing (i.e. han er "he is" vs. de ere "they are").

Linguistics

An Indo-European language, Danish is related to other commonly spoken languages such as Spanish and English. It is closely related to the other North Germanic languages, such as Swedish, Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic. Older forms of the language include Old Norse, Old East Norse, Early Old Danish and Old Danish.
Classification
Danish's full classification is as follows:
Indo-European> Germanic> North Germanic> South Scandinavian> Danish
Morphophonemics
Many modern variants of Danish distinguish 27 vowel phonemes. There are 12 long vowels, 13 short vowels and two neutral ones. 19 different diphthongs also occur.
Compared to its vowel inventory, the consonant inventory of Danish is relatively simple, with only 16 independent phonemes. However, there can be lots of allophony depending on the positioning of these consonants.
Danish is characterized by a prosodic feature called stød (lit. "thrust"). This is a form of laryngealization or creaky voice. Some sources have described it as a glottal stop, but this is a very infrequent realization, and today phoneticians consider it a phonation type or a prosodic phenomenon. It has phonemic status, since it serves as the sole distinguishing feature of words with different meanings in minimal pairs such as bønder ("peasants") with stød, versus bønner ("beans") without stød. The distribution of stød in the vocabulary is related to the distribution of the common Scandinavian pitch accents found in most dialects of Norwegian and Swedish.
Stress is phonemic and distinguishes words such as billigst [ˈbilist] "cheapest" and bilist [biˈlist] "car driver"
Syntax
Danish nouns decline for number and definiteness and are classified into one of two genders, common and neuter. Like other Scandinavian languages, Danish suffixes the definite article onto the word.
A case system is only retained in Danish pronouns, where there is a distinction between a a subjective case and an oblique case, similar to the distinction which still exists in English. The pronouns can be seen in the table below.

Person	Subjective Case	Oblique Case
1s	jeg	mig
2s	du	dig
3s	han/hun/den/det	ham/hende/den/det
1p	vi	os
2p	i	jer
3p	de	dem

Danish nouns do not undergo much conjugations. For example, neither number nor person is marked on the verb. Verbs have a past, non-past and infinitive form, past and present participle forms, and a passive, and an imperative.
Orthography
The oldest preserved examples of written Danish (from the Iron and Viking Ages) are in the Runic alphabet. The introduction of Christianity also brought the Latin script to Denmark, and at the end of the High Middle Ages Runes had more or less been replaced by Latin letters.
Danish orthography is conservative, using most of the conventions established in the 16th century. The spoken language however has changed a lot since then, creating a gap between the spoken and written languages.
Written Sample:
Alle mennesker er født frie og lige i værdighed og rettigheder. De er udstyret med fornuft og samvittighed, og de bør handle mod hverandre i en broderskabets ånd.
Spoken sample:
https://youtu.be/f7Msppvklb0 (Wikitongues)
Sources & Further reading
Wikipedia articles on Danish
What now?
This thread is foremost a place for discussion. Are you a native speaker? Share your culture with us. Learning the language? Tell us why you chose it and what you like about it. Thinking of learning? Ask a native a question. Interested in linguistics? Tell us what's interesting about it, or ask other people. Discussion is week-long, so don't worry about post age, as long as it's this week's language.

Previous LotWs

Arabic (Arabic: العَرَبِيَّة‎‎, al-ʻarabiyyah [ʔalʕaraˈbijːah] or Arabic: عَرَبِيّ‎‎ ʻarabī [ˈʕarabiː] or [ʕaraˈbijː]) is a Semitic language spoken by anywhere between 290-420 million people worldwide. It is an official or co-official language in 27 countries worldwide, mostly in Africa and the Middle East. Arabic dialects have diverged quite a bit, to the point where mutual intelligibility has been lost, but only one -- Maltese -- is regularly considered a separate language. This is due to political/cultural reasons, as well as the existence of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is a unifying standard register. Several other big dialects do dominate, such as Egyptian Arabic. The examples in this write-up are from MSA.

Linguistics

Arabic is a Semitic language, making it related to languages such as Hebrew and Amharic as well as extinct languages like Akkadian and Ugaritic. Semitic languages are part of the bigger Afro-Asiatic language family, which also makes it related to languages such as the Berber languages.
Classification
Arabic's full classification is:
Afro-Asiatic (Proto-Afro-Asiatic) > Semitic (Proto-Semitic) > West Semitic > Central Semitic > Arabic languages
Phonology and Phonotactics
Modern Arabic has six pure vowels -- /a i u/ and their corresponding long vowels. There are also two diphthongs -- /aj/ and /aw/.
MSA has 28 phonemic consonants, with a 29th that appears only in the word الله ('Allah').
Arabic has two types of syllables: open syllables, with structures of CV and CVV; and closed syllables, with structures of CVC, CVVC and CVCC. The syllable types with two morae (units of time), i.e. CVC and CVV, are termed heavy syllables, while those with three morae, i.e. CVVC and CVCC, are superheavy syllables. Arabic lacks contrastive word stress, which is heavily correlated to vowel length. The general rules for word stress in MSA are:

A final vowel, long or short, may not be stressed.
Only one of the last three syllables may be stressed.
Given this restriction, the last heavy syllable (containing a long vowel or ending in a consonant) is stressed, if it is not the final syllable.
If the final syllable is super heavy and closed (of the form CVVC or CVCC) it receives stress.
If no syllable is heavy or super heavy, the first possible syllable (i.e. third from end) is stressed.
As a special exception, in Form VII and VIII verb forms stress may not be on the first syllable, despite the above rules

Grammar
The basic word order of Arabic is Verb-Subject-Object. Following general typological rules, the adjectives in Arabic follow the nouns they quantify, auxiliary verbs precede main verbs, prepositions precede their objects, and nouns precede their relative clauses (thus Arabic is a head-initial language). Typologically, Arabic is also considered a fusional language, making it typologically similar to Spanish and French.
Arabic nouns are declined for case, state, gender and number. Arabic has three cases -- nominative, genitive and accusative -- with six declension patterns. There are two genders -- masculine and feminine -- with animate nouns usually following natural gender with inanimate nouns being placed largely arbitrarily. There are three numbers in Arabic -- singular, plural and dual.
State is a grammatical category common to the Semitic languages, with the basic division in Arabic being definite and indefinite, which roughly corresponds to the English definite article and indefinite article.
More correctly, a definite noun signals either a particular entity previously referenced or a generic concept, and corresponds to one of the following in English: English nouns preceded by the, this, that, or a possessive adjective (e.g. my, your); English nouns taken in a generic sense ("Milk is good", "Dogs are friendly"); or proper nouns (e.g. John or Muhammad). Indefinite nouns refer to entities not previously mentioned, and correspond to either English nouns preceded by a, an or some, or English mass nouns with no preceding determiner and not having a generic sense ("We need milk").
Definite nouns are usually marked by a definite article prefix اَلـ al- (which is reduced to l- following vowels, and further assimilates to (a)t-, (a)s-, (a)r- etc. preceding certain consonants). Indefinite nouns are usually marked by nunation (a following -n).
Adjectives modifying a noun generally decline to agree with the noun except in one case: inanimate plural nouns take feminine-singular agreement.
Arabic personal pronouns have twelve forms -- 1st person singular, 1st person dual/plural, 2nd person singular masculine, 2nd person singular feminine, 2nd person dual, 2nd person plural masculine, 2nd person plural feminine, 3rd person singular masculine, 3rd person singular feminine, 3rd person dual, 3rd person plural masculine and 3rd person plural feminine.
Arabic also has enclitic pronouns which affix to various parts of speech to change the meaning. Furthermore, Arabic also inflects its prepositions based on the following pronoun, a feature it shares with the Celtic languages. For example, the Arabic preposition 'with' is مَعَ (ma'a), but 'with me' becomes مَعِي (ma‘ī).
Arabic verbs undergo extensive conjugation and, like verbs in other Semitic languages, are extremely complex. In Arabic, verbs are conjugated for: three tenses -- past, present and future; two voices -- active and passive; two genders -- masculine and feminine; three persons -- first, second and third; three numbers -- singular, dual and plural; four moods in the non-past -- indicative, subjunctive, jussive and imperative (two more exist in Classical Arabic); nineteen forms, the derivational systems indicating derivative concepts such as intensive, causative, reciprocal, reflexive, frequentative etc. For each form, there is also an active and a passive participle (both adjectives, declined through the full paradigm of gender, number, case and state) and a verbal noun (declined for case; also, when lexicalized, may be declined for number).
Weakness is an inherent property of a given verb determined by the particular consonants of the verb root (corresponding to a verb conjugation in Classical Latin and other European languages), with five main types of weakness and two or three subtypes of each type.
Miscellany
As mentioned, the Arabic language has broken into many dialects over the centuries, with some of these being unintelligible. Despite this, most still consider Arabic a single language -- except for Maltese spoken on Malta -- due to political and cultural reasons. The distinction between dialect and language is inherently more of a political issue than a linguistic one.
The main dialects of Arabic are: Egyptian Arabic spoken by 53 million people in Egypt and widely understood outside it; Levantine Arabic spoken by 21 million people; Maghrebi Arabic also called 'Darija' and spoken by 70 million people and which is the dialect that Maltese descends from. There are many other varieties as well.
Arabic literature has existed since the 5th century in the form of poems, with the possibility of some oral poems dating back even farther. Before the Qur'an, most literature was poetry. However, after the Qur'an, it quickly became the standard to which all literature was held and Islamic literature soon pervaded the language. Many different types of work have been written in the Arabic language, including poetry, compilations and manuals, geographic works, works of history and biography, diaries, literary theory and criticism. Within the realm of fiction, there are epics, Maqama, romantic literature, murder mysteries, satire and comedy, drama, philosophical novels and science fiction. Exemplars of these works were written before the 13th century, showcasing the diversity of the early Arabic literary tradition.
Perhaps the most well-known Arabic work, outside the Qur'an, is the One Thousand and One Nights, a collection of folklore compiled in Arabic in the Islamic Golden Age.

Samples

Spoken sample:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmA593z0PGs (Al-Jazeera newscast)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhUjYs6YFj0 (Newsreport from Dubai)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3isTuxS_izI (Arabic lullaby)
Written sample:
بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ مَالِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ٱهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ صِرَاطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّين
Al-Fatiha

Samples

Spoken sample:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFCixLn9qRw (Lullaby)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejIdIKidqcc (folk song)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCEw4uH2a8I&list=PLL92dfFL9ZdJBbTpg-h9AMnZfxNlHwrbh (Playlist of songs popular in Finland currently)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vYH1JH73pw (Finnish newscast on Bitcoin)
Written sample:
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: "Näistäpä toki tulisi kalanluinen kanteloinen, kun oisi osoajata, soiton luisen laatijata." Kun ei toista tullutkana, ei ollut osoajata, soiton luisen laatijata, vaka vanha Väinämöinen itse loihe laatijaksi, tekijäksi teentelihe.
(Verses 221-232 of song 40 of the Kalevala) Audio here
Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Sources

Previous LotWs

X-post from asoiaf

"And now I heard his voice, rising, swelling, thundering through the flaring light, and as I fell, the radiance increasing, increasing, poured over me in waves of flame. Then I sank into the depths, and I heard the King in Yellow whispering to my soul: 'It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God!'". -In the Court of the Dragon, from The King in Yellow by Robert Chambers

Ok, hear me out.
Immortals probably exist in ASOIAF
We have several very long lived characters in ASOIAF. Brynden Rivers is pushing 125 years. The Undying of Qarth are who knows how old. Melisandre, as a being from Asshai with many unnatural aspects who has practiced her art of divination "for years beyond count," may be one as well.
Additionally, the natural cycles of summer and winter, life and death, and the corruption of those cycles are one of the recurring motifs of ASOIAF. So it would make sense that some people have found a way to achieve the individual equivalent of “the summer that never ends.”
Immortals probably would want to seek Daenerys out

Last of the three seekers to depart was Quaithe the shadowbinder. From her Dany received only a warning. "Beware," the woman in the red lacquer mask said.
"Of whom?"
"Of all. They shall come day and night to see the wonder that has been born again into the world, and when they see they shall lust. For dragons are fire made flesh, and fire is power." -A Clash of Kings - Daenerys II

Daenerys is, basically, a Weirdness Magnet. She has the only three known dragons anywhere in the world, and these dragons act as magical amplifiers. Everybody, especially everybody magical, is going to want a piece of them.
Immortal beings, who presumably rely on magic to sustain their vitality and might be magic users themselves, would particularly want to be in the proximity of her and her dragons as much as possible, and seek her out. While some like Bloodraven may be unable to do so, others probably can. So the idea of immortal beings in Daenerys’ court is actually not particularly strange. In fact, it seems almost inevitable. Thus we are confronted with a fantastic variant of the Fermi paradox: if immortals exist, why haven’t we seen any? And just like the Fermi paradox, the solution may well be “Because they’re hiding.”
Enter Daario Naharis.
Etymology, Mythology, and Daario

“Some character names do have meanings, when I dig into my “What to name your baby” books and find this name means destined for a tragic end, yeah, that’ll be a good name for my character.” (1:23:50) -Audio of GRRM interview with John Picacio in Redwood City

Daario Naharis has some interesting names. The first, Daario, is a slightly adjusted form of Dario, derived from Darius, a name held by many Persian emperors. Daario thus has connotations of power and royalty, as well as an association with the famous royal bodyguard of the Persian emperors: the immortals.
But that’s a fairly loose connection. Now his last name, Naharis, is far more interesting. “Nahar” is related to words in Hebrew, Arabic, Urdu, and other Near East languages for rivecanal. The inclusion of river suggests he might be connected to the river Ash in the Shadowlands. But I’m less interested in rivers than I am in Judge Nahar, otherwise known as the Semitic God Yamm.

Yamm (from the Semitic word yam for 'sea’, also known as Yam and Yam-Nahar) was the god of the sea in the pantheon of the Canaanite-Phoenicians. Depicted consistently as tyrannical, angry, violent and harsh, Yamm was the brother of Mot, the god of death, and is associated with chaos (an association furthered by his identification with Lotan the Leviathan, the monster who churned the seas). As Yam-Nahar (literally 'sea’ and 'river’) he personified the destructive aspects of both. He was the son of El, the supreme god of the Canaanite and Phoenician pantheon and is also referred to as Prince Yamm and “Beloved of El” in the myths of the region.

Yamm is an angry, chaotic sea god. Additionally he is closely associated with his servant Lotan, a multi-headed sea dragon thought to be an inspiration for the biblical Leviathan.
The reference to “Nahar” specifically rather than Yamm implies that GRRM is familiar with the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, a Caananite mythological text regarding a struggle where Baal, a storm god struggles with and defeats “Judge Nahar” (an epithet of Yamm) before also fighting Mot, the god of death.

Now Mighty Baal, son of Dagon, desired the kingship of the Gods. He contended with Prince Yam-Nahar, the Son of El. But Kindly El, Father Shunem, decided the case in favour of His son; He gave the kingship to Prince Yam. He gave the power to Judge Nahar. Fearsome Yam came to rule the Gods with an iron fist. He caused Them to labor and toil under His reign. They cried unto Their mother, Asherah, Lady of the Sea. They convinced Her to confront Yam, to interceed in Their behalf.

Note the name Asherah here, and its similarity to Ashara. Further evidence that the Baal Cycle was on George’s mind when he wrote ASOIAF.
Finally, let’s note that the addition of “-is” on the end of Nahar suggests George may have decided to make his name a crude anagram: “Daario is Nahar.” Pretty cocky move by GRRM, but it's been 19 years without people noticing so I guess he's right.
Anyway, all of this suggests that Daario is a character meant to be associated with a chaotic, tyrannical water god. A “Drowned God,” if you will. This adds yet another connection to the many between Euron and Daario. Some think these two are the same person, but that’s not weird enough for me! Let’s try looking at Daario through the lens of another, more modern mythos.
Hastur the Unspeakable One
Hastur is a being from the Cthulhu Mythos with an interesting history. He originated first with the Ambrose Bierce short story Haita The Shepherd, where he is a not at all horrifying god of Shepherds. Robert W Chambers liked the name, and started throwing it around in a collection of short stories titled “The King In Yellow,” named after a play which recurs as a motif in each story, with excerpts from Act I repeating appearing throughout. Act II, however drives the reader mad. Lovecraft himself then name dropped Hastur in a few places…

I found myself faced by names and terms that I had heard elsewhere in the most hideous of connections—Yuggoth, Great Cthulhu, Tsathoggua, Yog-Sothoth, R'lyeh, Nyarlathotep, Azathoth, Hastur, Yian, Leng, the Lake of Hali, Bethmoora, the Yellow Sign, L’mur-Kathulos, Bran and the Magnum Innominandum—and was drawn back through nameless aeons and inconceivable dimensions to worlds of elder, outer entity at which the crazed author of the Necronomicon had only guessed in the vaguest way. —H. P. Lovecraft, "The Whisperer in Darkness"

...without explaining much of anything about him. And finally, August Derleth elevated him to the status of Great Old One, half-brother and rival to Cthulhu, and made the King in Yellow one of his avatars.
GRRM is clearly familiar with Hastur, having named a mysterious city in Essos after the lost city Carcosa, which features in the King in Yellow.

Strange is the night where black stars rise, And strange moons circle through the skies, But stranger still is Lost Carcosa.

And Daario’s initial appearance, flamboyant and ridiculous as it is, is a reference to the King in Yellow. Here is how he first appears to Daenerys.

...Daario Naharis was flamboyant even for a Tyroshi. His beard was cut into three prongs and dyed blue, the same color as his eyes and the curly hair that fell to his collar. His pointed mustachios were painted gold. His clothes were all shades of yellow; a foam of Myrish lace the color of butter spilled from his collar and cuffs, his doublet was sewn with brass medallions in the shape of dandelions, and ornamental goldwork crawled up his high leather boots to his thighs. Gloves of soft yellow suede were tucked into a belt of gilded rings, and his fingernails were enameled blue. -A Storm of Swords, Daenerys IV

Did GRRM dress Daario like a banana just to emphasize that he’s flamboyant? I think not. Why make his entire outfit different shades of yellow if there’s no significance behind it?
And he makes this appearance before Daenerys and her court, thus making him “In the Court of the Dragon.” The title of one of the stories in The King In Yellow.
This could perhaps be dismissed if there were no supporting evidence for the idea that Daario is immortal. However, that evidence is everywhere.
Textual evidence that Daario isn’t human
A lot of text about Daario that comes across as kind of pointless suddenly gains much more meaning when you assume he isn’t human.

"Prendahl and Sallor would tell you so, if dead men could talk. I count no day as lived unless I have loved a woman, slain a foeman, and eaten a fine meal . . . and the days that I have lived are as numberless as the stars in the sky. I make of slaughter a thing of beauty, and many a tumbler and fire dancer has wept to the gods that they might be half so quick, a quarter so graceful. I would tell you the names of all the men I have slain, but before I could finish your dragons would grow large as castles, the walls of Yunkai would crumble into yellow dust, and winter would come and go and come again."

If Daario is a normal man: Daario is making a ridiculous boast about how much sex, murder, and fine cuisine he has had, which is extremely weirdly worded for someone who’s probably in his 20s appearance wise.
If Daario is an immortal: Daario is correctly stating that he has lived thousands of years and killed countless people right in front of Daenerys, while having an inward laugh at how she is misinterpreting it.

She believed him. "I swore that I should wed Hizdahr zo Loraq if he gave me ninety days of peace, but now … I wanted you from the first time that I saw you, but you were a sellsword, fickle, treacherous. You boasted that you'd had a hundred women." "A hundred?" Daario chuckled through his purple beard. "I lied, sweet queen. It was a thousand. But never once a dragon."

If Daario is a normal man: Daario is escalating a plausible boast to Wilt Chamberlain levels, even though doing so is definitely not in his best interest assuming he wants Daenerys
If Daario is an immortal: Daario is factually stating that yes, he has had a thousand women over the course of thousands of years being alive, but has never had either a Valyrian woman or, more likely, an actual dragon

"You are a queen. You can do what you like." He slid a hand along her leg. "How many nights remain to us?"
Two. Only two. "You know as well as I. This night and the next, and we must end this."
"Marry me, and we can have all the nights forever."

If Daario is a normal man: standard romantic hyperbole.
If Daario is immortal: an offer of immortality in exchange for her hand in marriage.

Beside her, Daario Naharis was sleeping as peacefully as a newborn babe. He had a gift for sleeping, he'd boasted, smiling in that cocksure way of his. In the field, he would sleep in the saddle oft as not, he claimed, so as to be well rested should he come upon a battle. Sun or storm, it made no matter. "A warrior who cannot sleep soon has no strength to fight," he said. He was never vexed by nightmares either. When Dany told him how Serwyn of the Mirror Shield was haunted by the ghosts of all the knights he'd killed, Daario only laughed. "If the ones I killed come bother me, I will kill them all again." He has a sellsword's conscience, she realized then. That is to say, none at all.

If Daario is a normal man: Daario is saying he is very good at naps. Also he wants us to know he has no conscience, and a ludicrously inflated opinion of how he would fare against an incorporeal being.
If Daario is an immortal: FOR EONS DAARIO HAS SLUMBERED. NOW HE WAKES. NOT EVEN YOUR SOULS ARE SAFE.
What the hell is Daario?
Despite the Lovecraft references, I think it is highly unlikely we will see Daario’s face slough off to reveal a hideous mass of writhing tentacles and gnashing mouths too terrible for the mind to comprehend. He is probably simply an immortal “human” who through magic has indefinitely prolonged his own life. But who?
Daenerys presents us with one possible option, without meaning to:

Daario had plundered himself a whole new wardrobe in Meereen, and to match it he had redyed his trident beard and curly hair a deep rich purple. It made his eyes look almost purple too, as if he were some lost Valyrian. A Storm of Swords - Daenerys VI

The “almost purple color” is so important it’s mentioned twice:

If I want Daario I need only say so. She lay with Irri's legs entangled in her own. His eyes looked almost purple today . . . A Storm of Swords - Daenerys VI

Make that thrice, and in a different book too:

No, she thought. His eyes are a deep blue, almost purple, and his gold tooth gleams when he smiles for me. A Dance with Dragons - Daenerys II

This “lost Valyrian” hypothesis makes some sense. Daario constantly dyes his hair and beard, we never see its actual color. Others have noted this and find it suspicious:

"Daenerys, I am thrice your age," Ser Jorah said. "I have seen how false men are. Very few are worthy of trust, and Daario Naharis is not one of them. Even his beard wears false colors."

Daario, when talking about one of his mercenaries, assures Daenerys that those who dye their hair are among the most trustworthy possible people, and definitely not spies.

"I trust all my men. Just as far as I can spit." He spat out a seed and smiled at her suspicions. "Shall I bring their heads to you? I will, if you command it. One is bald and two have braids and one dyes his beard four different colors. What spy would wear such a beard, I ask you?

Which is the sort of thing that might make someone even more suspicious. We also know of a certain other “mercenary” who dies their hair… Young Griff. Could Daario also be concealing silver hair?
Then there’s also his peculiarly nonchalant attitude towards Daenerys’ dragons, indicating that perhaps he’s been around them before:

Viserion sniffed the blood leaking from Prendahl's neck, and let loose a gout of flame that took the dead man full in the face, blackening and blistering his bloodless cheeks. Drogon and Rhaegal stirred at the smell of roasted meat.
"You did this?" Dany asked queasily.
"None other." If her dragons discomfited Daario Naharis, he hid it well. For all the mind he paid them, they might have been three kittens playing with a mouse.

One significant problem with this possibility is that Daario’s eyes are “almost purple,” but not quite. For this and other reasons, I think there is a better answer. TWOIAF presents this intriguing hypothesis on the origins of dragons:

”In Asshai, the tales are many and confused, but certain texts—all impossibly ancient—claim that dragons first came from the Shadow, a place where all of our learning fails us. These Asshai'i histories say that a people so ancient they had no name first tamed dragons in the Shadow and brought them to Valyria, teaching the Valyrians their arts before departing from the annals.” -TWOIAF

And there’s something notable about the Valyrians: they were originally shepherds.

Yet her words did not move the plump perfumed slaver, even when rendered in his own ugly tongue. "Old Ghis ruled an empire when the Valyrians were still fucking sheep," he growled at the poor little scribe, "and we are the sons of the harpy."

Remember how Hastur was originally a god of shepherds? Could Daario be a member of this mysterious Shadowlands precursor race, and perhaps even the same one who taught them how to tame dragons in the first place?
Whatever he is, his immortality seems to be of the “dies but comes back to life” sort, rather than invincibility.

Just three nights ago she had dreamed of Daario lying dead beside the road, staring sightlessly into the sky as crows quarreled above his corpse. A Dance with Dragons - Daenerys V

It could be a completely random dream, mentioned for no reason. It could be symbolic, although what exactly could a bunch of crows quarreling over Daario’s body next to a road symbolize? But most likely, imo, this is a dream of something that actually happened, judging by the condition he comes back in.

As Daario Naharis took a knee before her, Dany's heart gave a lurch. His hair was matted with dried blood, and on his temple a deep cut glistened red and raw. His right sleeve was bloody almost to the elbow. "You're hurt," she gasped.
"This?" Daario touched his temple. "A crossbowman tried to put a quarrel through my eye, but I outrode it. I was hurrying home to my queen, to bask in the warmth of her smile." He shook his sleeve, spattering red droplets. "This blood is not mine. One of my serjeants said we should go over to the Yunkai'i, so I reached down his throat and pulled his heart out. I meant to bring it to you as a gift for my silver queen, but four of the Cats cut me off and came snarling and spitting after me. One almost caught me, so I threw the heart into his face." A Dance with Dragons - Daenerys VI

Let’s not think too much about whether Daario's previously established habit of making ridiculous boasts that are actually true, implies he actually ripped a man’s heart out through his throat. Instead focus on the fact that he took a deep wound to the head and rode back mostly fine, albeit absolutely covered in blood, shortly after Daenerys dreamed of him dying.
What is Daario’s agenda?
Three possibilities stand out. The first is simply that Daario wants to stay close to Daenerys as much as possible because the proximity of the dragons strengthens the magic keeping him alive. It’s unlikely that the dragons are necessary to do this, but it’s probably a nice little pick-me-up.
The second is that Daario wants to nudge Daenerys towards violence and madness, either because it’s amusing or for some darker purpose. Daario is certainly a bad influence on Daenerys, which in combination with his supernatural nature makes him take on a certain demonic aspect. His cruel advice is too numerous to recount in full, but among other things:

He encouraged her to send the Unsullied into boiling oil in the siege of Meereen
He offers to kill Jorah for her
He suggests a “Red Wedding” style massacre of the nobles of Meereen
He offers to build a pile of heads for Daenerys taller than the Great Pyramid of Meereen
He convinces her to allow some of the Meereenese to sell themselves back into slavery
He says all rulers are either butchers or meat

The third possibility is that Daario really wants to court Daenerys and have a child with her. Daario is certainly having some success on that front, since Daenerys is insufferably obsessed with him.

Dany loved the way his gold tooth gleamed when he grinned. She loved the fine hairs on his chest. She loved the strength in his arms, the sound of his laughter, the way he would always look into her eyes and say her name as he slid his cock inside her. "You are beautiful," she blurted as she watched him don his riding boots and lace them up. Some days he let her do that for him, but not today, it seemed. That's done with too.

Gag. Insert like five more chapters of that and that’s ADWD for you.
Now Daenery's fixation on Daario is usually just thought to be GRRM saying "Teenage girls have awful taste in men and Daenerys is no exception." At length. Exhaustive length. But this is probably a smokescreen for something more sinister going on. Could Daario be enthralling Daenerys through supernatural means? It would make sense if Daario is meant to be a reference to the King in Yellow. He is associated with a supernatural mark called the Yellow Sign.

The King in Yellow never fully describes the shape and purpose of the Yellow Sign. Nonetheless, "The Repairer of Reputations", one of the stories in the collection, suggests that anyone who possesses, even by accident, a copy of the sign is susceptible to some form of insidious mind control, or possession, by the King in Yellow or one of his heirs. The stories also suggest that the original creator of the sign was not human and possibly came from a strange alternate dimension that contains an ominous and ancient city known as Carcosa.

As for a motive? Daario may be trying to father a race of immortal dragon riding god emperors to conquer the world. Daario has blue “almost purple” eyes, and said he has never once had a dragon. Perhaps despite being one of the precursors from the Shadowlands, he is genetically incapable of dragon riding? This might also explain why he would seek out the Valyrians and teach them to ride dragons. A child of Daario and Daenerys could inherit Daario’s immortality and Daenerys’ dragon riding, and would be a demigod among mortals. True "Stallion that Mounts the World" material.
And if Daenerys' fertility issues are ever resolved, given that Daenerys is in "screw Hizdahr, screw being temperate and responsible, I do what I want" mode as of the end of ADWD, Daario has a pretty good chance at fathering that child, given their extensive "conjugal relations."

That night Daario had her every way a man can have a woman, and she gave herself to him willingly. The last time, as the sun was coming up, she used her mouth to make him hard again, as Doreah had taught her long ago, then rode him so wildly that his wound began to bleed again, and for one sweet heartbeat she could not tell whether he was inside of her, or her inside of him.

Yep, Daenerys is banging an elder god. Wrap your head around that.
How will the reveal go down?
It might not. Overtly, that is.

The gardeners dig a hole, drop in a seed and water it. They kind of know what seed it is, they know if planted a fantasy seed or mystery seed or whatever. But as the plant comes up and they water it, they don't know how many branches it's going to have, they find out as it grows. And I'm much more a gardener than an architect. -GRRM

GRRM has planted one hell of a weird eldritch seed with Daario, and then watered it extensively by giving him a ridiculous amount of focus in Daenerys' ADWD chapters. But who knows how much it will grow? The mechanism of Daario's immortality does have a certain amount of plausible deniability built into it; he could be "killed" and as long as his body isn't recovered, no one would be the wiser if he walks it off a couple hours/days later.
However there is one very plot important way the books could reveal his true nature: Dragonbinder.

Moqorro turned the hellhorn, examining the queer letters that crawled across a second of the golden bands. "Here it says, 'No mortal man shall sound me and live.' " -A Dance with Dragons - Victarion I

As of the end of ADWD, Daario is still being held hostage by the Yunkish. He may even be on board a Yunkish ship, which Victarion may end up boarding. Victarion could thus easily take Daario prisoner himself when he attacks the Yunkish fleet at the Battle of Fire. And afterwards when Daenerys doesn't immediately throw herself at Victarion, either because she's uninterested or, more likely, not even present, Victarion is going to be mad. And when Victarion gets mad, people are going to die.
He may well offer an ultimatum: Daenerys marries me now or Daario blows the hellhorn, killing him. This will not work, so Daario will blow the horn. And then... nothing. He's completely fine. Victarion has just enough time to be very confused before one of the dragons (probably Rhaegal) burns him to death. And then either Daario flies off to Westeros with the dragon, or the dragon is bound to Daario's master (perhaps Euron?) and Daario just goes back to Meereen as if nothing ever happened. Everybody in story chalks his survival up to "magic sure is weird, huh?" And the reader is the only one alive who knows the implications of what happened. These are just two of the possible ways it could go down.
Anyway, that's why Daario Naharis is a secret immortal demigod from the Shadowlands. I have some speculation on his connections to Euron but I'll save those for later. What do you think? At least "Bolt-On" levels of plausible?
And TL;DR
Daario = Judge Nahar
Daario = The King In Yellow = Hastur
Many of Daario's ridiculous brags are actually true statements
Daario's natural hair color is silver and his eyes are almost purple
Daario dies and then resurrects shortly afterwards at least once off screen
Daario probably wants to turn Daenerys to the dark side or father a race of immortal dragon-riding demigods with her.
Daario may blow Dragonbinder and live in TWOW.
One final note: I came to this conclusion independently, but it would be remiss of me not to note that afterwards I found someone else had a similar idea 3 years ago! So now I need to look into their other theory that Tommen is a telepath I guess.

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